learning
QN1) What
is problem based learning and project based learning describe?
An: Problem based learning:समस्यामा आधारित सिकाइ भन्नाले प्रतिदिन वास्तविक जीवन
कार्यसँग सम्वन्धित समस्यालाइ वढी जोड दिने सिकाइलाइ वुझिन्छ ।समस्यामा आधारित सिकाइले आधिकारिक समस्यामा केन्द्रित भइ समस्या
समाधानमा सँलग्न हुदा सिकाइ सम्भव हुने गर्दछ ।जस्तै कुनै वास्तविक प्रदर्शनमा lj¢fyL{हरूले प्रदर्शन सम्वन्धि योजना
बनाउने,सँगठन गर्ने ,व्यवस्थित गर्ने,मानिसहरूलाइ वुझाउने cflb;Fu ;Dalwt
;d:ofx?sf] ;dfwfg ub{5g .
Project based learning: o;df lj¢fyL{n] jf:tljs / cy{k'0f{ ;d:ofx?sf] ;dfwfg
u/L 7f]; pTkfbg ub{5g eg] To;}nfO{ g} kl/of]hgfdf cfwfl/t l;sfO elgG5
.kl/of]hgfdf cfwfl/t l;sfO / ;d:ofdf cfwfl/t l;sfOnfO{ slxn]sfxLF Pp6} ?kdf
lng] ul/G5 .tyfkL oL b'O{ lardf km/s kfOG5 , h:t} kl/of]hgfdf cfwf/lt l;sfOn] ;d:ofdf
cfwfl/t l;sfOeGbf j9L /rgfTds tl/sfnfO{ Wofg lbg] ub{5 . kl/of]hgfdf cfwfl/t
l;sfOsf % j6f ljz]iftfx? 5g\ .
!_lgb]{lzt k|Zg-Driving Questions):- l;sfO o;df d'Vo k|Zgx?jf6 lgb]{lzt
x'g] ub{5 / To;}sf cfwf/df ;d:of ;dfwfg ul/G5 .
@_cflwsf/Ls / cjl:ytLhGo vf]hL-Authentic and situated inquiry):-hj lj¢fyL{n] d'Vo Kf|Zgx?nfO{ d'Nofª\sg ub{5g To; a]nf ltlgx?sf] ;d:of ;dfwfgsf k|lqmofx?sf af/]df l;Sb5g .o:tf] l;sfO sg} lj1 / bIf JolQmaf6 k|lzlIft ul/G5 / ;do ;Gbe{;Fu ;DalGwt u/fOG5 .
#_;xsfo{-Collaboration):-s'g} ;d:of
;dfwfgsf nfuL lzIfs ,lj¢fyL{,;d'bfosf JoflStx? Tyf lj1x?sf] ;xsfo{af6 ;DkGg
ul/G5 .
$_;xof]u-Scaffolding):-o; lsl;dsf]
l;sfOdf lj¢fyL{n] ;fdfGo?kdf h] h:tf] s'/f l;s]sf 5g Tof] eGbf klg cem cuf8L
hfgsf nfuL lj¢fyL{nfO r'gf}lt lbOG5 .o;sf nfuL cfjZos ;xof]u ;d]t k|bfg ul/G5 /
;f]xL cg'?k pmgLx?sf] ;d:of ;dfwfg ub{5 .
%_pTkfbg-End
product):-lj¢fyL{n] 7f]; / pTkfbgd'ns k|flKt ;[hgf ub{5g h;n] lgb]{lzt / d'Vo
k|Zgx?nfO{ ;Djf]wg ub{5 .
cGTodf ;d:of ;dfwfg eGGffn]
nIo k|fKQ ug{sf nfuL ;jeGbf pko'SQ tl/sf jf af6f] kQf nufpg] sfo{nfO{ j'lemG5
.;d:of ;dfwfgsf r/0fx? cGtu{t ;d:of kQf nufpg] / To;sf] k|f?k tof/ kfg{' ,c;n
;d:of ;dfwfgsf] /0flgtL ljsfz ug'{ ,lgsflnPsf] ;dfwfgsf] d'Nofªsg ug'{ / ;do
;dodf ;d:of ;dfwfgsf] af/]df k'glr{Gtg / k'gkl/efiff ug{' h:tf sfo{x? kb{5g.
QN2) What
is concept? What are the ways for prompting concept formation?
Ans:-;fdfGo cy{df cjwf/0ffnfO{ pl2ksx?sf] ju{
eGg] ul/G5 . h;df ;femf ljz]iftfx? /x]sf x'G5g\ .cjwf/0f x'gsf nfuL k|To]sdf
;femf ljz]iftfx? ljwdfg x'g'kb{5 .cjwf/0fsf ljz]iftfx? ljlzi6 x"G5g /
lolgx? ;+ªVof, d'No / k|efjsf lx;fjn] klg km/s km/s x'G5g . d'No eGgfn] pl2ksdf
ePsf] ljz]if lsl;dsf] ljljwtf xf] . To;}u/L ;+ªVof klg u'0fsf] wf/0ff cg'?k
km/skm/s x'g] ub{5 .k|efj eg]sf] j:t'sf u'0fx?df c?eGbf a9L :k:6tf /x]sf]
ljz]iftf xf] .o;y{ ;dfg ljz]iftf ePsf j:t'sf] ;d'x,36gf Pj+ u'0fx?nfO{ cjwf/0ff
elgG5 .
cjwf/0ffsf s]xL k|sf/nfO{
lgDgcg';f/ JofVof ul/Psf] 5 .
s_ conjunctive concept:-o; cjwf/0ffx? ljleGg u'0fx?sf d'NonfO{
PsLs[t / :f+o'SQ ?kdf k|:t'tL ul/G5 . o;sf pbfxf/0fsf ltg lgnf rs|nfO{ lng
;lsG5 h:t} M o;df ;Fª\Vof, /ª\u / rs|x?
;+o"St?kdf b]lvG5g .
v_ Disjuctive concept :- obL cjwf/0ffx?nfO{
u'0fsf cfwf/df 5'6|6fpg / lae]b ug{ ;lsb}g eg] To;nfO{ c;+of]lht cjwf/0ff elgG5
. o;df pko'Qm u'0fsf] d'No cyjf csf{] s'g} u'0f jf d'Nox? k|:t't ul/G5 .
To:tf] cjwf/0ffdf u'0f / d'Nox? Ps csf{]sf] nfuL k|lt:yfkg ul/G5 .
u_ Rational concept :- olb u'0fx?ljr
ljlzi6 lsl;dsf] ;DjGw /x]sf] x'G5 eg] To;}nfO{ g} ;Djwdf cfwfl/t cjwf/0ff xf] .
o:tf cjwf/0ffx? Al/i7, slgi7, df]6f], kftnf] ,pQ/, blIf0f h:tf ljlzi6 kIfx?df
cfwfl/t x'G5 .
Ways for promoting concept formation
(a) Learning
the feature of concept
(b) Defining concept and providing example
(c) Hierarchical categorization and concept map
(d) Hypothesis testing
(e) Prototype
matching
a)
Learning the feature of concept:- cjwf/0ff lgdf{0fsf] d'Vo kIf eg]sf] g} cjwf/0fsf] d'Vo ljz]iftf /
u'0fx?sf] jf/]df l;Sg' xf] . cjwf/0ffsf d'Vo kIf / cfofdx? o;sf ljz]iftf / u'0fx? 5g h;n]
Pp6f cjwf/0ffnfO{ csf]{ cjwf/0ffjf6 5'6\6fp5 .
b)
Defining concept and providing example:- wf/0f l;sfO{df ;j}eGbf dxTjk'0f{ kIf
eg]sf] g} wf/0ffnfO{ :k:6;+u JofVof ug{' / To;;+u pko'Qm x'g] pbfxf/0f k|:t't
ug{' xf] .l6GgL;g / sf]l5\cl/Nnf sf cg';f/ “lgod pbfxf/0f
/0flgtL” Pp6f dXTjk'0f{ /
k|d'v k|efjsf/L tl/sf xf] . o;sf klg rf/ k|sf/ 5g .
a)
Define the concept
b)
Classify term in the definition
c)
Give example to illustrate the key feature & characterstices
d)
Provide additional example
c)
Hierarchical categorization & concept map :- cjwf/0ffsf]
jlu{s/0f Pp6f dXTjk'0f{ kIf xf] lsgeg] Psk6s jlu{s/0f ul/;s]k5L To; ju{sf]
k|ltlgwL jf6 To;sf u'0f / ljz]iftf nfO{ u|x0f ug{ ;lhnf] x'G5 . h:t}
ljBfyL{nfO{ Triceratop eGgfn] Reptile xf]
eGg] cg'dfg ug{ ;Sb5g , Reptile
sf]
cfwf/df To; Triceratop nfO{ ljZn]if0f ug{
;Sb5g . Triceratop eg]sf] Ps lsl;dsf]
8fOg]Zj/ xf] eGg] s'/f slxNo} geg]sf] eP klg logLx? of] ;l/;[k xf]
eGg] s'/f cg'dfg ug{ ;Sb5g .o;/L cjwf/0ffsf] ju{ jGb} To;df :ki6tf Nofpg ;lsG5
.
d)
Hypothesis testing:- kl/sNkgf eGgfn]
ljlzi6 eljiojf0fL / cg'dfg x'g h;nfO{ kl/If0f ul/ z'¢tfnfO{ ;'lglZrt ul/G5 .
kl/sNkgf k|dfl0ft ug{] Pp6f tl/sf eg]sf] lsg s]xL j:t'x? cjwf/0ff cGt/ut kb{5g
/ s]xL kb{}gg eGg] ;DjGwdf ljleGg lgodx? ljsf; ug'{ kb{5g .
e)
Prototype matching:- s'g} vf; cjwf/0ffsf] ju{;Fu ;Djlwt ljlzi6
tTj jf kb;Fu t'ngf u/L Tof] tTj jf kb To; ju{sf] ;b:o xf] jf xf]O{g elg
lg0f{o ug'{ g} d'n:j?kdf ldnfg xf] .
o;/L
lo tl/sfx? ckgfP/ cjwf/0ff lgdf{0f nfO{ j9jf lbg ;lsG5 .
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